This is the first truly informative and comprehensive book on pipe and tube bending technology. Covering different methods and machinery used in both hot and cold bending processes, the book is an excellent reference manual for "benders" as well as engineers, designers, manufacturers, and fabricators. This book focuses on the elements involved in the production of a bend: tooling, materials, and perhaps most important, the operator. Such areas as computer aided design and fabrication, automated production, modular construction, and robotics are also examined in detail. In addition there are numerous reference charts and formulas that will be helpful in determining wall thinning, radius, vitality, and other bending criteria.